|
|
|
Present Simple |
Present Continuous |
| I walk |
I am (I'm) walking |
| you walk |
you are (you're) walking |
| he walks |
he is (he's) walking |
| she walks |
she is (she's) walking |
| it walks |
it is (it's) walking |
| we walk |
we are (we're) walking |
| they walk |
they are (they're) walking |
|
Present Perfect Simple |
Present Perfect Continuous |
| I have (I've) walked |
I have been walking |
| you have (you've) walked |
you have been walking |
| he has (he's) walked |
he has been walking |
| she has (she's) walked |
she has been walking |
| it has (it's) walked |
it has been walking |
| we have (we've) walked |
we have been walking |
| they have (they've) walked |
they have been walking |
|
Past Simple |
Past Continues |
| I walked |
I was walking |
| you walked |
you were walking |
| he walked |
he was walking |
| she walked |
she was walking |
| it walked |
it was walking |
| we walked |
we were walking |
| they walked |
they were walking |
|
Past Perfect Simple |
Past Perfect Continuous |
| I had (I'd) walked |
I had been walking |
| you had (you'd) walked |
you had been walking |
| he had (he'd) walked |
he had been walking |
| she had (she'd) walked |
she had been walking |
| it had (it'd) walked |
it had been walking |
| we had (we'd) walked |
we had been walking |
| they had (they'd) walked |
they had been walking |
|
Present Simple — negative |
Past Simple — negative |
| I do not (don't) walk |
I did not (didn't) walk |
| you do not (don't) walk |
you did not (didn't) walk |
| he does not (doesn't) walk |
he did not (didn't) walk |
| she does not (doesn't) walk |
she did not (didn't) walk |
| it does not (doesn't) walk |
it did not (didn't) walk |
| we do not (don't) walk |
we did not (didn't) walk |
| they do not (don't) walk |
they did not (didn't) walk |
|
Inglise keele grammatika kohta leiate veel teavet lisaks
kodulehe lisast.
NB!
Verbix.com
pakub Internetis "on-line" tegusõnade pööramist paljudes võõrkeeltes. 15 võõrkeeles saate tegusõnu pöörata ka minu kodulehel
lisa osas.
|
Compare can / could etc for actions
| can / could
|
I can go out tonight.
I can't go out tonight.
I could go out tonight. (but I'm not very keen)
I couldn't go out last night. (I wasn't able) |
| can / may
|
Can / may I go out tonight? (= Do you allow me to go out?) |
| will / won't
would
|
I think I'll go out tonight.
I promise I won't go out tonight.
I would go out tonight but I've got too much to do.
I promise I wouldn't go out. |
| shall |
Shall I go out tonight? (=Do you think it is a good idea? ) |
| should /
ought to
|
I should / ought to go out tonight. (= it would be a good thing to do) |
| must /
needn't
|
I must go out tonight. (= it is necessary)
I mustn't go out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out)
I needn't go out tonight. (= it is not necessary that I go out) |
could have
would have
should /
ought to
needn't |
I could have gone out last night but I decided to stay at home.
I would have gone out last night but I had too much to do.
I should / ought to have gone out last night. I'm sorry I didn't.
I needn't have gone out last night.(=I went out but it was not necessary) |
We use will / would / may etc. to say whether something is possible, probable,
impossible, certain, etc.
| will / would
|
‘What time will she be here?’ ‘She'll be here soon.’ She would be here now but she
has been delayed.
|
| should / ought to
|
She should / ought to be here soon. (= I expect she will be here soon) |
may
might /
could |
She may / might / could be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here) |
| must can't
|
She must be here. I saw her come in. (= I'm sure — there is no other possibility) |
Compare would have ... / should have ... etc. for actions
| will / would
|
She will have arrived by now. She would have arrived earlier but she was delayed.
|
| should / ought to
|
I wonder where she is. She should / ought to have arrived by now. |
may
might /
could |
She may / might / could have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived) |
| must can't
|
She must have arrived by now. (= I'm sure — there is no other possibility) She can't possibly have
arrived yet. It's much too early. (= it's impossible)
|
Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the following endings
| noun + – s / – es (plural) |
books |
| verb + – s / – es (after he / she / it) |
enjoys |
| verb + – ing |
working |
| verb + – ed |
worked |
| adjective + – er (comparative) |
cheaper |
| adjective + – est (superlative) |
cheapest |
| adjective + – ly (adverb) |
cheaply |
You can not use ‘have got’ ...
| have |
breakfast / lunch / dinner |
| have |
a meal / a sandwich / a pizza, etc. |
| have |
a cup of coffee / a glass of mild, etc. |
| have |
something to eat / drink |
| have |
a bath / a shower |
| have |
a rest / a holiday / a party |
| have |
a nice time / a good journey, etc. |
| have |
a walk / a swim / a game (of tennis, etc) |
| have |
a dream / an accident |
| have |
a baby |
| have |
a look (at...) |
Expressions with ‘do ’and ‘make’ for example
| do |
an exam / a test
a course
homework
(somebody) a favor
exercises
housework |
| make |
a mistake
an appointment
a phone call
a list
a noise
a bed |
Doubling consonants
| stop |
p |
—> |
pp |
stopping |
stopped |
| plan |
n |
—> |
nn |
planning |
planned |
| rub |
b |
—> |
bb |
rubbing |
rubbed |
| big |
g |
—> |
gg |
bigger |
biggest |
| wet |
t |
—> |
tt |
wetter |
wettest |
| thin |
n |
—> |
nn |
thinner |
thinnest |
Mine / yours / hers etc.
| I |
—> |
my |
—> |
mine |
| we |
—> |
our |
—> |
ours |
| you |
—> |
your |
—> |
yours |
| he |
—> |
his |
—> |
his |
| she |
—> |
her |
—> |
hers |
| they |
—> |
their |
—> |
theirs |
We do not use ‘the’ with ...
| television |
I watch television a lot.
What's on television tonight? |
breakfast /
lunch /
dinner |
What did you have for breakfast?
Dinner is ready! |
| We do not use ‘the’ before noun + number. |
| We do not use ‘the’ + names of places. |
| We do not use ‘the’ + names of streets, squares,
etc. |
| We do not use ‘the’ + name of places (or person)
+ airport / situation / university / castle, etc. |
| We do not use ‘the’ when we are thinking of the
general idea of these places and what they are used for. |
We use ‘the’ with ...
| We use ‘the’ in names with republic / states / kingdom. |
| We use ‘the’ + plural names of countries / islands /mountains. |
| We use ‘the’ + names of oceans / seas / rivers / canals. |
| We use ‘the’ + names of hotels / restaurants / pubs / cinemas / theatres
/ museums. |
| We use ‘the’ + names with ... of .... |
| We use ‘the’ when it is clear which thing or person we mean. |
- ing clauses
| When two things happen at the same time, you can use - ing for one of the verbs. |
| We also use - ing when one action happens during another action. |
| You can also use - ing after while or when. |
| When one action happens before another action, we use having (done) for the first
action. |
| If one short action follows another short action, you can use the simple - ing form for
the first action. |
| You can use an - ing clause to explain something or to say why somebody does something. |
| When these expressions are followed by verb, the verb ends in - ing. |
| (Have) difficulty - ing. (I had difficulty finding a place to live.) |
would clauses
| We use would when we imagine a situation or action. |
| We use would have / done when we imagine situation or actions in the past. |
| We use I wish...would... for actions and changes, not situations. |
| You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past. |
| Would is similar to used to. |
can / could / may clauses
| We often use can / could to ask people to do things. |
| We also use will / would to ask people to do things, but can / could are more usual. |
| To ask for permission to do something, we use can, could / may. |
| To give permission, we use can / could. May is formal and less usual than can
/ could. |
| To offer or to invite we use: Would you like ... ? |
| I would like ... is a polite way of saying what you want. |
should clauses
| You can use should to give advise or to give an option. |
| Should is not strong as must. |
| We also use should when something is not right or what we expect. |
| We use should to say that we expect something to happen. |
| You can use ought to instead of should. |
| You can use I should ... / I shouldn't ... to give somebody advice. |
I shall ... / we shall ... clauses
| NB! Normally we use shall only with I and
we. |
will / shall clauses
| When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will / won't. |
| We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has not
decided before. |
We often use will in these situations like:
- offering to do something,
- agreeing to do something,
- promising to do something,
- asking somebody to do something
|
|
We do not use will to say what somebody has
already arranged or decided to do in the future.
We use (be) going to
when we have already decided to do something.
|
| We also use should when something is not right or what we expect. |
| We often use will with ... |
I expect
I wonder
probably
(I'm) sure
(I') think
(I') don't think |
Verb patterns
|
Verb + - ing |
like
love
enjoy
hate
finish
stop
|
swimming / cooking
|
|
Verb + - to + infinitive |
choose
decide
forget
promise
need
help
hope
try
want
would like
would love
|
to go / to work
|
|
Note ! |
Have to for obligation is followed by the infinitive.
I have to go home. Goodbye. |
|
Verb + - ing or - to + infinitive |
begin
start |
to raining / to
rain |
|
Modal auxiliary verbs |
can
could
shall
will
would |
go / arrive |
Phrasal verbs
| look out / watch out |
= be careful |
| come on |
= be quick / hurry |
| hold on |
= wait |
| carry on |
= continue |
| go on / walk on / drive on,
etc. |
= continue going |
| get on |
= manage (in a job, at school, in an examine, etc)
|
| take off |
= leave the ground |
| wake up |
= stop sleeping |
| speak up |
= speak more loudly |
| hurry up |
= do something more quickly |
| wash up |
= wash the plates etc. after a meal |
| grow up |
= become an adult |
| give up |
= stop trying |
| slow down |
= go more slowly |
| break down |
= stop working |
| fall over |
= lose your balance |
Phrasal verbs + object
| fill in (a form) |
= complete (a form) |
| try on (clothes) |
= put on clothes to see if they fit you |
| give up |
= stop something that you do |
| ring up |
= telephone |
| turn up |
= make louder (TV / radio / music, etc) |
| knock down (a building) |
= demolish |
| turn down |
= make more quiet (TV / radio / music, etc) |
| throw away |
= rubbish or things you don't want |
| put away |
= put something in the place where you usually keep it |
| pay somebody back |
= ...money that you borrowed |
| show (somebody) round / around |
= take somebody on a tour of a place |
List of irregular verbs
|
Infinitive |
Past simple |
Past participle |
| be |
was/were |
been |
| beat |
beat |
beaten |
| become |
became |
become |
| begin |
began |
begun |
| bend |
bent |
bent |
| bet |
bet |
bet |
| bite |
bit |
bitten |
| blow |
blew |
blown |
| break |
broke |
broken |
| bring |
brought |
brought |
| broadcast |
broadcast |
broadcast |
| build |
built |
built |
| burst |
burst |
burst |
| buy |
bought |
bought |
|
|
|
| catch |
caught |
caught |
| choose |
chose |
chosen |
| come |
came |
come |
| cost |
cost |
cost |
| creep |
crept |
crept |
| cut |
cut |
cut |
|
|
|
| deal |
dealt |
dealt |
| dig |
dug |
dug |
| do |
did |
done |
| draw |
drew |
drawn |
| drink |
drank |
drunk |
| drive |
drove |
driven |
|
|
|
| eat |
ate |
eaten |
|
|
|
| fall |
fell |
fallen |
| feed |
fed |
fed |
| feel |
felt |
felt |
| fight |
fought |
fought |
| find |
found |
found |
| flee |
fled |
fled |
| fly |
flew |
flown |
| forbid |
forbade |
forbidden |
| forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
| forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
| freeze |
froze |
frozen |
|
|
|
| get |
got |
got |
| give |
gave |
given |
| go |
went |
gone |
| grow |
grew |
grown |
|
|
|
| hang |
hung |
hung |
| have |
had |
had |
| hear |
heard |
heard |
| hide |
hide |
hidden |
| hit |
hit |
hit |
| hold |
held |
held |
| hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
|
|
|
| keep |
kept |
kept |
| kneel |
knelt |
knelt |
| know |
knew |
known |
|
|
|
| lay |
laid |
laid |
| lead |
led |
led |
| leave |
left |
left |
| lend |
lent |
lent |
| let |
let |
let |
| lie |
lay |
lain |
| light |
lit |
lit |
| lose |
lost |
lost |
|
|
|
| make |
made |
made |
| mean |
mean |
meant |
| meet |
met |
met |
|
|
|
| pay |
paid |
paid |
| put |
put |
put |
|
|
|
| read |
read (red) |
read (red) |
| ride |
rode |
ridden |
| ring |
rang |
rung |
| rise |
rose |
risen |
| run |
ran |
run |
|
|
|
| say |
said |
said |
| see |
saw |
seen |
| seek |
sought |
sought |
| sell |
sold |
sold |
| send |
sent |
sent |
| set |
set |
set |
| sew |
sewed |
sewn / sewed |
| shake |
shook |
shaken |
| shine |
shone |
shone |
| shoot |
shot |
shot |
| show |
showed |
shown / showed |
| shrink |
shrank |
shrunk |
| shut |
shut |
shut |
| sing |
sang |
sung |
| sink |
sank |
sunk |
| sit |
sat |
sat |
| sleep |
slept |
slept |
| slide |
slid |
slid |
| speak |
spoke |
spoken |
| spend |
spent |
spent |
| spit |
spat |
spat |
| split |
split |
split |
| spread |
spread |
spread |
| spring |
sprang |
sprung |
| stand |
stood |
stood |
| steal |
stole |
stolen |
| stick |
stuck |
stuck |
| sting |
stung |
stung |
| stink |
stank |
stunk |
| strike |
struck |
struck |
| swear |
swore |
sworn |
| sweep |
swept |
swept |
| swim |
swam |
swum |
| swing |
swung |
swung |
|
|
|
| teach |
taught |
taught |
| tear |
tore |
torn |
| tell |
told |
told |
| think |
thought |
thought |
| throw |
threw |
thrown |
|
|
|
| understand |
understood |
understood |
|
|
|
| wake |
woke |
woken |
| wear |
wore |
worn |
| weep |
wept |
wept |
| win |
won |
won |
| write |
wrote |
written |
|
|
